Volume and Issue Articles
Back to ArchivesVolume 5, Issue 3
May-June 2017
EFFECT OF IRON SLAG POWDER ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
Abstract: Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns of all the environment related departments. Industrialization is at peak, releasing billions of tones of wastes & by products every day, thereby producing a great threat to the existing living creatures of the universe. So it is the dire need of the hour to tackle with such problems, in a technical manner so that the hazards of these wastes will be reduced to minimum extent. As far Blast furnace slag & Cast Iron Chips are concerned they were considered to be as waste materials & were thrown unused. In this present research work we are going to bring such said wastes in, this will not only increase the practical utility of these products but also will make the concrete mixes economical & will reduce the threat of environment by being polluted by such wastes. The environment problems are very common in India due to generation of industrial byproducts. Due to industrialization enormous byproducts are produced and to utilize these byproducts is the main challenge faced in India. Iron slag is one of the industrial by-products from the iron and steel making industries. Iron slag is an industrial waste by-product of steel industry. The demand for aggregate in construction industry is increasing rapidly and so is the demand for concrete. In this study the Cement was partially replaced with iron slag at different proportions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% 40% and 50%. Compressive strength and Flexural strength on M30 grade of concrete with 0.45 water/cement ratio were investigated. In which to determine and check out the compressive strength with various percentages of iron Slag Aggregate. The result has been found from the various tests which were compared with conventional concrete. Thus the use of iron slag in concrete could enhance the strength in concrete.
A REVIEW STUDY ON USE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE IN BITUMINOUS MIXES
Abstract: India has a large network of industries which deals with variety of products among which many more are planned for distant future. Every year several million metric tons industrial waste is produced by these industries which have a major problem of pollution, safe and economic disposal. Extensive damage being caused to the environment due to accumulation of waste materials from industrial plants, power houses, colliery pits and demolition sites and it has become one of the major environmental, economical and social issues. Waste material is the material unused, unwanted and rejected as worthless into the environment in our society as whole. Waste materials coming out of industry nowadays is posing a great environmental problem in disposing them into the air, water and on the land. But, with proper utilization of these materials in construction industry as well as in making road pavements will greatly help the society to have a better and pleasant environment. Substitution of waste materials will conserve dwindling resources, Use of waste products is not only a partial solution to environmental and ecological problems and it significantly improves the microstructure, and consequently the properties of concrete. So, use of waste materials not only to make the bitumen mixes (generally used in all the construction activities) less expensive, but to provide a blend of tailored properties of waste materials. In this paper, a brief study is done on the researches done by various authors.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON SOME GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF STABILIZED
Abstract: The growth of the population has created a need for better and economical vehicular operation which requires good highway having proper geometric design, pavement condition and maintenance. There are various infrastructure projects which are used in different highways, railways, water reservoir etc. which requires earth material in very large quantity. The highways have to be maintained so that comfort, convenience and safety are provided to the travelling public. The pavements along national and state highways in the Gujarat and many other states are damaged due to the poor strength of the soil used and low permeability. Soil stabilization is the process in which engineering properties of the different type soil is improved. It can be done by the use of controlled compaction, proportioning and addition of suitable different type of admixtures and stabilizers. Soil stabilization is very necessary for various construction works like road pavement and foundation because it improves the engineering properties of different soil. This project represents a study of the Recron-3s Fibre as the admixtures or stabilizers in improving some engineering properties soil. This experiment evaluates the effect of the Recron-3s on the some basic engineering properties of these soils such as California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value and Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS). The different values adopted in the present study for the percentage of fiber reinforcement are 0.75%, 1.5 %, 2.25 % and 3 %.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE BITUMINOUS MIXES CONTAINING FLY-ASH
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of laboratory and field demonstration work with beneficial use of fly ash in bituminous mixes. The increase of crude oil prices in recent years resulted in an increase in bitumen prices as crude oil is origin for bitumen, asphalt & in other hand the fly ash from the power generating plants causes severe disposal problems. The main purpose of this project is to study the possibility of using fly ash as mineral filler in Bituminous paving mixes. Fly ash, a coal combustion product once treated as waste and disposed in landfills, is used today in substructure and road works. The research of fly ash properties may solve the problems of treatment and intelligent use of this residual material. Using laboratory tests specimens, in this study the physical properties of pozzolanic coal fly ash, a bituminous coal waste of Iasi thermal power station, Romania, are investigated to analyze the composition of fly ashes. A good design of Modify bituminous mix is expected to result in a mix which is adequately strong, durable and resistive to fatigue and permanent deformation and at the same time environment friendly and economical. A mix designer tries to achieve these requirements through a number of tests on the mix with varied proportions of material combinations and finalizes the best one. The research result shows that the Marshal method of bituminous mix design was carried out for varying percentages of Fly ash to determine the different mix design characteristics.
LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF CLAYEY SOIL STABILIZED WITH CEMENT AND LIME
Abstract: When the clayey soil comes in contact with water it expands and it behaves as a liquid by losing its strength. When it loses water from it, it shrinks. This property of expansive and shrinkage cause serious problems like formation of potholes, dilation problems etc in the cement constructed over this soil. This makes it unsuitable for construction of any civil structures. The soil contains mainly quartz and kaolinite which increases expansion characteristics of the soil. It does not possess any desirable engineering property and its behaviour is unpredictable, especially when the soil is fully saturated. Therefore construction on this type of soil requires special design and precautions, which leads to extra cost of construction. In this research soil is replaced with cement and lime by 3%, 6 %, 9%, and 11 %. 1.0
STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE REINFORCED WITH LATHE MACHINE SCRAP AND ETP SLUDGE
Abstract: The rapid increase in construction activities leads to scarcity of conventional construction materials such as cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Researchers are being conducted for finding cheaper materials. In India, there are many industries producing large amount of effluent treatment plant waste sludge which leads in problems of disposal. The final destination of effluent treatment plant sludge affects the environment. So alternative option is necessary for disposing effluent treatment sludge. In this study is subjected to the effective reuse of effluent treatment plant sludge of TiO2 pigment and lathe scrap. In this study, Natural sand was partially replaced with ETP sludge in the range of 0%, 6 % 12%, 18 % and 24% by weight and Lathe waste 2 % by weight. The designed mix proportion for normal concrete is 1:1.38:1.83 with water cement ratio of 0.42.
STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE MADE WITH RECYCLED COARSE
Abstract: Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world, mainly due to its favorable features such as durability, versatility, satisfactory compressive strength, cost effectiveness. But with the depleting natural resources and the huge amount of concrete waste produced, it becomes essential to identify an effective way to solve the need of the moment. In this rapid industrialized world, recycling construction material plays an important role to preserve the natural resources. In this research, Recycled Coarse Aggregates (RCA) from demolished slab pieces was used. These demolished slab pieces are crushed to suitable size and reused as recycled coarse aggregate. Natural sand used as fine aggregate. Concrete industry, uses 12.6 billion tons of raw materials each year, is the largest user of natural resources in the world. The environmental impact of production of raw ingredients of concrete (such as cement and coarse and fine aggregates) is considerable. In this paper The mix design has been done by trial and error method. The mix proportions are calculated as per IS code. The design procedure as per IS code and IRC: 44-2008 is used in mix design of M30 grade cement concrete. The w/c ratio is taken 0.5% for all the mixes. Hence, Coarse aggregates was replaced in percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100 % with recycled coarse aggregates 150 × 150 × 150mm, Beam and Cylinder moulds were used for casting.
USE OF NATURAL FIBRE AND BINDER QUALITY IN STONE MATRIX ASPHALT MIXTURE
Abstract: There are three major types of asphalt surfacing, characterized by a mixture of bitumen and stone aggregate. These are: Dense Graded asphalt (DGA); Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) and Open Graded Asphalt (OGA).Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) is a gap graded mix, characterized by high coarse aggregates, high asphalt contents and polymer or fiber additives as stabilizers. In comparison to dense graded mixtures SMA has higher proportion of coarse aggregate, lower proportion of middle size aggregate and higher proportion of mineral filler. It resists permanent deformation and has the potential for long term performance and durability. Four of different aggregate gradations with two types of fillers, such as Bamboo Fibre and Cellulose Fibre have been tried for preparation of mixes. About 2450 gm of sample aggregates were taken and kept in oven until it dried. Heating of aggregates was done up to 135oC before the addition of bitumen. Bitumen mix was added varying from 3 to 7% at an increment of 1%. Also the fillers, bamboo fiber and artificial stabilizer- Topcel cellulose were mixed as per design. 1.0
EXPERIMENTALLY STUDY ON THE USE OF FOUNDARY SAND IN THE RIGID PAVEMENT
Abstract: Currently India has taken a major initiative on developing the infrastructures such as express highways, power projects, ports and harbors, to meet the requirements of globalization, in the construction of pavements and other structures concrete plays the key role and a large quantum of concrete is being utilized in every construction practices. The consumption of natural resources as an ingredient of concrete, costs high as well as it is on verge of extent. These problems force us to recover the natural resources or to find an alternative option to overcome this problem. Presently, the production of waste foundry sand as a by-product of metal casting industries causes various environmental problems. Foundry sand is basically high quality silica sand which is a by-product of both ferrous and non-ferrous metal casting industries. Foundry sand production is nearly 6 to 10 million tons annually. Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. Metal industries use foundry sand which is uniform sized, high quality silica sand that is bound to form a mould for casting of ferrous and non-ferrous metal. In this research paper, As per IS: 10262-1982 mix design was prepared for M25 grade and same design was used in preparation of test samples. The Sand is replaced with foundary sand by 15 %, 30 % and 45 % replacement.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF POLYMER FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE PAVEMENT
Abstract: In a developing country such as India, road networks form the arteries of the nation. A pavement is the layered structure on which vehicles travel. It serves two purposes, namely, to provide a comfortable and durable surface for vehicles, and to reduce stresses on underlying soils. In India, the traditional system of bituminous pavements is widely used. Locally available cement concrete is a better substitute to bitumen which is the by product in distillation of imported petroleum crude. It is a known fact that petroleum and its byproducts are dooming day by day. Whenever we think of a road construction in India it is taken for granted that it would be a bituminous pavement and there are very rare chances for thinking of an alternative like concrete pavements. The mix design has been done by trial and error method. The mix proportions are calculated as per IS code. The ingredients of concrete M30 grade proportion are shown below table3.4. The raw materials are mixed through hand mixing and compacted through the vibrators of casted cubes and beams. The total mixing time was 3 minutes; the samples were then casted and left for 24 hrs before demoulding .They were then placed in the curing tank. Water absorption capacity and moisture content were taken into consideration and appropriately subtracted from the water/cement ratio used for mixing. The w/c ratio is taken 0.5% for all the mixes. Hence, cement was replaced in percentages of 0%, 0.6%, 1.2%, 1.8% with Polypropylene fibre 150 × 150 × 150mm, Beam and Cylinder moulds were used for casting. 1.0
A REVIEW STUDY ON THE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE BY REPLACING THE FINE AGGREGATE WITH FOUNDARY SAND
Abstract: Now days, the construction sector is exploring rapidly on a large scale and also involves new techniques for rapid and comfort works on the field. Concrete as a building material plays an important role in this sector. The consumption of natural resources as an ingredient of concrete, costs high as well as it is on verge of extent. These problems force us to recover the natural resources or to find an alternative option to overcome this problem. Presently, the production of waste foundry sand as a by-product of metal casting industries causes various environmental problems. Foundry sand is basically high quality silica sand which is a by-product of both ferrous and non-ferrous metal casting industries. This paper reviews the Utilization of waste foundry sand in Civil Engineering field. It comprises the important findings from the experimental works of many researchers. Due to over dependence on non-renewable energy material is becoming an imminence and therefore it is necessary to look for the possibility of recycling. Generation of waste foundry sand as by-product of metal casting industries causes environmental problems due to its inappropriate disposal so it can be used as a partial replacement of the fine aggregate with the foundry sand in concrete. It was observed that about 15-30% of replacement of fine aggregate to waste foundry sand gave good result for all practical purpose.
REVIEW ON STABILIZATION OF SOIL BY GROUND GRANULATED BLAST SLAG
Abstract: In developing country like India due to the remarkable development in road infrastructure, Soil stabilization has become the major issue in construction activity. Stabilization is an unavoidable for the purpose of highway and runway construction, stabilization denotes improvement in both strength and durability which are related to performance. Soil stabilization means alteration of the soils properties to meet the specified engineering requirements. Methods for the stabilization are compaction and use of admixtures. Lime, Cement was commonly used as stabilizer for altering the properties of soils. Reuse of waste materials have been advocated for quite a while now and the utilization of industrial wastes in improving the properties of poor soils open up a new avenue for solid waste management. Expansive soils have been one of the most problematic soils encountered by a Civil Engineer. A lot of techniques are available for stabilization of such poor soils including lime and cement stabilization. However, the utilization of solid wastes in soil stabilization is an area of potential and promise. And it also provides the double advantage of waste management along with soil improvement. In this study, we reviewed the Grand granulated blast slag in soil to enhance its mechanical properties and make it more suitable for use. In this paper, we studied the effect of stabilized soil and changes in its mechanical properties.
A REVIEW STUDY OF STONE MATRIX ASPHALT USING A NATURAL FIBRE
Abstract: Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) was originally developed in Europe as an impervious/highly durable wearing surface for bridge decks. Based on its performance history, “split matrix asphalt” began to be used as a surface layer for roadways carrying heavy truck traffic throughout Germany and other European countries. Today, it is the “pavement surface of choice” where long term performance and durability is needed. There are two types of pavement, one is flexible pavement and second one is rigid pavement. If the initial cost is considered, than the rigid pavement is costly, but the maintenance cost of it is low. And country like INDIA, its not possible to provide rigid pavement everywhere, so flexible pavement is the option only. In flexible pavement, it is required to be maintained at some interval of time so the cost of maintenance is should be minimum. At present, the maintenance cost is higher so now the method of maintenance has to be modified for the flexible pavement. To avoid the maintenance cost, the proper quality of work and material is important. So to improve the quality, various material or chemicals are used to improve the quality or to improve the property of the raw material. The study is about to improve the properties of bitumen. In this Paper various applications and properties of SMA mixes are studied. Also the studies done by various authors are reviewed in this study. 1.0
A REVIEW STUDY OF POLYMER FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE PAVEMENT
Abstract: Road transportation is undoubtedly the lifeline of the nation and its development is a crucial concern. The traditional bituminous pavements and their needs for continuous maintenance and rehabilitation operations points towards the scope for cement concrete pavements. There are several advantages of cement concrete pavements over bituminous pavements. Shrinkage cracking of concrete is a major problem in plain cement concrete pavements especially in tropical regions. This paper explains on polymer fibre reinforced concrete pavements, which is a recent advancement in the field of reinforced concrete pavement design. PFRC pavements prove to be more efficient than conventional RC pavements, in several aspects, which are explained in this paper. The design procedure and paving operations of PFRC are also discussed in detail. A detailed case study of Polyester fiber waste as fiber reinforcement is included and the results of the study are interpreted. The paper also includes a brief study of various researchers.
REVIEW PAPER ON USE OF WASTE POLYTHENE IN BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXES FOR
Abstract: Worldwide, sustainability is the immediate demand of the hour and towards this end use of waste material in road construction is being more and more encouraged so as to taper environmental impact. In the highway infrastructure, a number of originate materials and technologies have been invented to pin down their suitability for the design, construction and maintenance of these pavements. Polythene is one of them. Also considering the environmental factor, due to more and more use of polythenes in day to day business, the pollution to the environment is enormous .The use of polythene materials such as carry bags, food covers, etc. is constantly increasing day by day. Since the polythenes are non-biodegradable, the need of the current hour is to use the waste polythene in such a way that is beneficial for the world The main aim of this study is to focus on using the available waste poylthene present in abundant which can be used economically and conveniently. The use of these waste materials in road construction proves eco-friendly, economical and use of polythene will also givestrength in the sub-base course of the pavement.
GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE AN ECO- FRIENDLY CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Abstract: Portland cement concrete industry has grown universally in recent years. The demand for concrete as a construction material has increased due to increase of infrastructure. However, Portland cement concrete generates problems such as durability and carbon dioxide emission. There are many ways to reduce environmental pollution (carbon dioxide) caused by the production of Portland cement and by the increasing of waste material. Around 120 million tonnes of fly ash get assembled every year at the thermal power stations in India. It becomes a serious problem due to inadequacy of land disposal. Cement is totally replaced by the pozzolanic material that is rich in Silicon and Aluminium like fly ash referred to as “Geopolymer concrete” which is a contemporary material. Geopolymer concrete was actually manufactured by reusing and recycling of industrial solid wastes and by products. Fly Ash, a byproduct of coal obtained from the thermal power plant is plenty available worldwide. Fly ash is used as ingredients in concrete which enhance the properties of concrete and utilization of fly ash is helpful for consumption. This paper presents a brief history and review of geopolymer technology with the aim of introducing the technology and the vast categories of materials that may be synthesized by alkali activation of alumino silicates.
A REVIEW FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF SILICA FUME AND ITS EFFECTS ON CONCRETE PROPERTIES
Abstract: The key area of interest of present era is about the preservation of environment and sustainable development in each and every sector of engineering. Since advent of civilization various types of cementitous materials have been used for construction practices. The arrival of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) changed the construction activities completely. However, because of several drawbacks associated with properties of cement and manufactured building materials using OPC as well as the cost factor attempts one mode to utilize other materials for economical constructions and improved mortar and concrete characteristics. Also, several waste materials are generated in huge quantities by different industrial activities. Now attempts were made to utilize these waste materials or industrial byproducts in construction activities to solve the environmental pollution problems, and safer and economical construction. Colloidal Silica fume is one such industrial by product which is being used and experimented upon to obtain a stronger and durable concrete. It is one of the pozzolonas having very large surface area which results in better and uniform utilization of calcium hydroxide released during hydration of OPC. Also, because of its very fine size it act as filler material between the cement gell grains. This paper presents a review of silica fume utilization in concrete production and its effect on the concrete.
TO CUT DOWN ON EXCESS CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS ON ISS USING SNAKE
Abstract: This study deals with the Effect of hostile environments such as The International Space Station on the human body and provides a solution to cut down on excess Carbon Dioxide levels using snake plants (Sansevieria Trifasciata). Key-words: ISS, International Space Station, Snake Plant, Carbon Dioxide AIM To cut down on excess carbon dioxide levels using snake plants (Sansevieria Trifasciata).
A REVIEW STUDY ON APPLICATION AND STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH ETP SLUDGE AND LATHE WASTE
Abstract: Today the construction industry is in need of finding cost effective materials for increasing the strength of concrete structures. It is inevitable to think about sustainable development by reducing the wastes generated or reusing it. Due to rapid growth of population, rapidly increasing in industries which directly increases waste without any management. In this world where some countries are developed and some are developing, the unbelievable demand of steel is on its peak, but it leads toward a dumping ground of industrial waste. For reduction of this dumping of scrap and save the earth from this hazardous problem utilization of steel scrap in concrete is the key step for save the environment and achieving sustainability that will enable the earth to continue to support human life. This paper presents a review study to utilization of waste (CNC lathe waste and ETP Sludge) by partial replacement (5% by weight of natural coarse aggregate) with coarse aggregate.
A REVIEW STUDY ON THE PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
Abstract: Today construction industry faces shortage of aggregate. Construction industry produces 40% of total waste each year. This causes the severe environmental hazards and causes land fill issue. The possible solution is to reuse recycled concrete aggregate in place of natural aggregate, which reduces landfill disposal, conserving the primary resources and reducing the transportation cost and promote the sustainable development. Hence its need to study the structural properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Recycled aggregate are easily available and economical compared to other natural resources. Demolished structures, site tested concrete, pile cap demolished concrete are the good sources of recycled aggregate. In this paper various studies done by the authors is studied.
A REVIEW STUDY ON THE SOIL STABLIZATION WITH CEMENT AND LIME
Abstract: Soil stabilization can be explained as the alteration of the soil properties by chemical or physical means in order to enhance the engineering quality of the soil. The main objective of the soil stabilization is to increase the bearing capacity of the soil, its resistance to weathering process and soil permeability. The long-term performance of any construction project depends on the soundness of the underlying soils. Unstable soils can create significant problems for pavements or structures. Therefore soil stabilization techniques are necessary to ensure the good stability of soil so that it can successfully sustain the load of the superstructure especially in case of soil which is highly active. Clayey soil which is also major type of expansive soil has a very weird property of swelling and shrinking in presence and absence of water or moisture. The best way to stabilize such type of soil is to disturb the soil sample by physically adding an additive. The additive added should be cheap, effective, and environmental friendly and easily available in large quantity. In this paper the brief of studies is made on researches by various authors.
A REVIEW STUDY ON THE SOIL STABLIZATION
Abstract: Geotechnical engineers face various problems while designing the foundations on highly compressible clayey soil due to poor bearing capacity and excessive settlement. Most of the soil available are such that they have good compressive strength adequate shear strength but weak in tension / poor tensile strength. The quality and life of asphalt is enormously influenced by the sort of subgrades. In any case in India the greater parts of the adaptable asphalts have to be built over feeble and dangerous sub- grade. The California bearing proportion (CBR) of these subgrade have low, it needs to more thickness of pavement. Lessening in the accessibility of suitable sub base and base materials for asphalt development have prompts a look for financial technique for changing over generally accessible tricky soil to suitable development material. Soil stabilization is very necessary by the addition of additives in suitable dosages for road pavement foundation because it improves the engineering properties of soil to sustain load carrying capacity in terms of quality and quantity of performance. To overcome the same, many researchers have concentrated their studies on soil improvement techniques by developing new such materials, through the elaboration of composites. The main objective of this study is to study the effect of fibers in geotechnical applications. In this study a brief review is prepared on the research work of various authors.